Biwa Nouns & Pronouns

Noun

Nouns only change by number.  Singular is unmarked.  Plural add /n/ to the root.  Dual add /k@/ as an unstressed prefix.  Both marks can be used in the same word.

Definite nouns use an unstressed version of the respective third person pronoun after the noun.

Personal pronouns:

Pronouns can mark number, unmarked pronouns have no definite number.

Pronouns mark plurality and duality as nouns.  They mark singularity by using fe- /p\@/ /ɸə/ preffix.

Animate pronouns

Animate pronouns

Person	nominative			acusative
1st	gi	ɡi	gij	g1?	ɡɨʔ	gih
1st + 3rd	own	own	ón	On:	ɔnː	òn
1st + 2nd + 3rd	l}d@	lʉdə	luda	lUd	lʊd	lud
1st + 2nd	tSel	tʃel	tjél	tSEl:	tʃɛlː	tjell
2nd	bA	bɑ	bá	bV?	bʌʔ	bah
2nd + 3rd	mis@	misə	misa	m1s	mɨs	mis
3rd	e	e	é	E?	ɛʔ	eh
reflexive	n@	nə	na	nA	nɑ	ná

Inanimate pronouns

Inanimate pronouns

Gender	ergative			absolutive
real	li	li	lij	e1	el	él
neuter	k1?	kɨʔ	cih	ki	ki	cí

Personal pronouns with numbers

Nominative & ergative pronouns

Person	unnumbered		singular		dual		plural
1st exclusive	gij	ɡi	fegij	ɸɪˌɡi	cagij	kɪˌɡi	giin	ɡin
1st exc. & 3rd	ón	own			caón	kɯˌown	ónen	ownɯn
1st inclusive	tjél	tʃel			catjél	kɪˌtʃel	tjélen	tʃeln̩
1st inc. & 3rd	luda	lʉdə					ludan	lʉdn̩
2nd exclusive	bá	bɑ	febá	ɸəˌbɑ	cabá	kəˌbɑ	bán	bɑn
2nd inclusive	misa	misə			camisa	kɪˌmisə	misan	misn̩
3rd animate	é	e	feé	ɸɪˌe	caé	kɪˌe	én	en
3rd real	lij	li	felij	ɸɪˌli	calij	kɪˌli	liin	lin
3rd neuter	cih	kɨʔ	fecih	ɸɪˌkɨʔ	cacih	kɪˌkɨʔ	cihen	kɨʔn̩
reflexive	na	nə

Accusative & absolute pronouns

Person	unnumbered		singular		dual		plural
1st exclusive	gih	ɡɨʔ	fegih	ɸɪˌɡɨʔ	cagih	kɪˌɡɨʔ	gihen	ɡɨʔn̩
1st exc. & 3rd	òn	ɔnː			caòn	kəˌɔnː	ònen	ɔnːən
1st inclusive	tjell	tʃɛlː			catjell	kɪˌtʃɛlː	tjellen	tʃɛlːn̩
1st inc. & 3rd	lud	lʊd					ludden	lʊdn̩
2nd exclusive	bah	bʌʔ	febah	ɸəˌbʌʔ	cabah	kəˌbʌʔ	bahen	bʌʔn̩
2nd inclusive	mis	mɨs			camis	kɪˌmɨs	missen	mɨsn̩
3rd animate	eh	ɛʔ	feeh	ɸəˌɛʔ	caeh	kəˌɛʔ	ehen	ɛʔn̩
3rd real	él	el	feél	ɸɪˌel	caél	kɪˌel	élen	eln̩
3rd neuter	cí	ki	fecí	ɸɪˌki	cací	kɪˌki	ciin	kin
reflexive	ná	nɑ

Articles:

Inanimate pronouns

gender	article
animate	@	ə	e
real	1=	l̩	el
neuter	kI	kɪ	ci

 

Personal pronouns: (unnumbered, singular, dual, plural)
  Note that animates use nominative for the sobject of intransitive
verbs, while inanimates use absolute for the subjects of intransitive
verbs.

  nominative/ergative:
  1st exclusive:  gij /gi/, fegij /p\I"gi/, cagij /kI"gi/, giin /gin/
  1st exc + 3rd: ón /own/, feón /p\M"own/, caón /kM"own/, ónen
/"ownMn/
  1st inclusive: tjél /tSel/, fetjél /p\I"tSel/, catjél /kI"tSél/,
tjelen /"tSeln=/
  1st inc + 3rd: luda /"l}d@/, feluda /p\I"l}d@/, caluda /kI"l}d@/,
ludan /"l}dn=/
  2nd exclusive: bá /bA/, febá /p\@"bA/, cabá /k@"bA/, bán /bAn/
  2nd inclusive: misa /mis@/, femisa /p\I"mis@/, camisa /kI"mis@/,
misan /"misn=/
  3rd animate: é /e/, feé /p\I"e/, caé /kI"e/, én /en/
  3rd real: lij /li/, felij /p\I"li/ , calij /kI"li/, liin /lin/
  3rd neuter: cih /k1?/, fecih /p\I"k1?/, cacih /kI"k1?/, cihen
/"k1?n=/
  reflexive: na /n@/
 

 acusative/absolute
  1st exclusive:  gih /g1?/, fegih /p\I"g1?/, cagih /kI"g1?/, gihen
/"g1?n=/
  1st exc + 3rd: òn /On:/, feòn /p\@"On:/, caòn /k@"On:/, onnen
/"On:@n/
  1st inclusive: tjell /tSEl:/, fetjell /p\@"tSEl:/, catjell
/k@"tSEl:/, tjellen /"tSEl:n=/
  1st inc + 3rd: lud /lUd/, felud /p\M"lUd/, calud /kM"lUd/, luddnn
/"lUdn=/
  2nd exclusive: bah /bV?/, febah /p\@"bV?/, cabah /k@"bV?/, bahen
/bV?n=/
  2nd inclusive: mis /m1s/, femis /p\I"m1s/, camisa /kI"m1s/, missen
/"m1sn=/
  3rd animate: èh /E?/, feèh /p\@"E?/, caèh /k@"E?/, èhen /E?n=/
  3rd real: él /el/, feél /p\I"el/ , caél /kI"el/, élen /eln=/
  3rd neuter: cí /ki/, fecí /p\I"ki/, cací /kI"ki/, cín /kin/
  reflexive: ná /nA/
 

Articles:
There is only definite article and this comes after the noun phrase,
the articles are:
  animate: e /@/
  real: el /l=/
  neuter: ci /kI/
 

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