i u
e o
E O
a
p t k
m n J
ts dZ dj\ tC
B v f D s j\ C G x h
l
r kw hw
| i | u | |||
| e | o | |||
| ɛ | ɔ | |||
| a | ||||
| p | t | k | |||||
| m | n | ɲ | |||||
| ts | dʒ | dʝ tç | |||||
| β | v f | ð | s | ʝ ç | ɣ x | h | |
| l | |||||||
| r | kw | hw |
All these sounds are subject to allophonies and phonemic length.
Combination of two vowels are usually realized as diphthongs:
a + i = {j a + u = Ow
e + i = i: e + u = ju
E + i = Ej E + u = EU
o + i = oj o + u = u:
O + i = Oj O + u = Ow
u + i = wi i + u = ju
| a + i | = æj | a + u | = ɔw | |
| e + i | = iː | e + u | = ju | |
| ɛ + i | = ɛj | ɛ + u | = ɛʊ | |
| o + i | = oj | o + u | = uː | |
| ɔ + i | = ɔj | ɔ + u | = ɔw | |
| u + i | = æj | i + u | = ju |
Phoneme stressed stressed un-
short long stressed
i i i: I
e E e: @
E E E: E
a a A: @
O O O: O
o O o: o
u u u: U
Phoneme |
stressed short |
stressed long |
unstressed |
|---|---|---|---|
| i | i | iː | ɪ |
| e | ɛ | eː | ə |
| ɛ | ɛ | ɛː | ɛ |
| a | a | ɑː | ə |
| ɔ | ɔ | ɔː | ɔ |
| o | ɔ | oː | o |
| u | u | uː | ʊ |
Voiceless stops are usually aspirated ([pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ]) ([p_h], [t_h], [k_h]) at the beginning of a stressed syllable, except after a cluster with /s/(/s/).
Voiceless stops are usually unreleased ([p̚], [t̚], [k̚]) ([p'], [t'], [k']) in syllable final positions.
Voiceless stops are a combination of an unreleased and an aspirated ([p̚pʰ], [t̚tʰ], [k̚kʰ]) ([p'p_h], [t't_h], [k'k_h]) when long in intervocalic positions.
Voiceless stops are released and unaspirated ([p], [t], [k]) ([p], [t], [k]) in all other positions.
Voiced fricatives are usually occlusive (stops: [b], [d], [g]) ([b], [d], [g]) after nasals, except for [v] ([v]) and [ʝ] ([j\]).
Voiced fricatives remain fricative ([β], [v], [ð], [ʝ], [ɣ]) ([B], [v], [D], [j\], [G]) in all other positions.
Nasals are always voiced
Nasals change the articulation point after following consonant ([m], [F], [n], [J], [N])
Nasals have their original value before a vowel ([m], [n], [J])
/r/ (/r/) modifies following alveolar into a retroflex:
/rt/ => [t,] /rn/ => [n,] /rts/ => [ts,] [dz,] /rs/ => [s,] [z,] /rl/ => [l,]
| /rt/ | ➔ | [ʈ] |
| /rn/ | ➔ | [ɳ] |
| /rts/ | ➔ | [ʈʂ] [ɖʐ] |
| /rs/ | ➔ | [ʂ] [ʐ] |
| /rl/ | ➔ | [ɭ] |
/r/ (/r/) lengthens previous vowel by a [ə] ([@]) glide.
/r/ (/r/) is a long alveolar trill [rː] ([r:]) after a stressed short vowel.
/r/ (/r/) is an alveolar approximant [ɹ] ([r\]) in consonant clusters (between consonant and vowel).
/r/ (/r/) is an alveolar flap [ɾ] ([4]) in intervocalic positions.
Sibilants are voiced ([z], [dz]) ([z], [dz]) in intervocalic positions and before a voiced consonant.
Sibilants are voiceless ([s], [ts]) ([s], [ts]) in all other positions.